The Meanings and Connotations of Junior and Senior

The Meanings and Connotations of Junior and Senior The Meanings and Connotations of â€Å"Junior† and â€Å"Senior† The Meanings and Connotations of â€Å"Junior† and â€Å"Senior† By Mark Nichol Aside from their literal meanings, junior and senior have an array of connotations related to hierarchy. Junior, from the Latin term juvenis, from which juvenile is also derived, refers to someone younger than another. It also applies to a young person or, more specifically, a son. Until well into the twentieth century, a boy or a young man might be addressed as Junior (though it was generally considered derogatory or at least condescending when directed at an adult), and the tradition persists of appending the abbreviation Jr. (no intervening comma is necessary) to the name of a male child who shares his father’s exact name. Junior also applies to academic standing; in a four-year collegiate or secondary school system, a junior is someone in the third of four years of study. Schools for students in grades seven through nine (formerly grades seven and eight) in a K–12 system are often labeled â€Å"junior high schools.† The word can also refer to someone of inferior rank (â€Å"lieutenant junior grade,† for example, as opposed to a full lieutenant, or â€Å"junior account executive†) or, in fashion, a clothing category for slender women and girls. As an adjective, junior means â€Å"younger,† â€Å"youthful,† â€Å"more recent† (with a connotation of inferiority or subordination), â€Å"lower in rank,† or â€Å"on a smaller scale.† It also applies to class standing or, as part of the phrase â€Å"junior varsity,† an athletic team subordinate to the varsity, or the primary team. Senior, borrowed directly from Latin and meaning â€Å"older,† is related to senile and senescence but has usually more positive connotations than those cognates. It refers to someone older than another or of higher rank. A senior in college or high school is in the final year of study, and senior might also refer, in an academic context, to a high-ranking fellow at a university. The abbreviation Sr., following a name (again, with no intervening comma), indicates that the man so named has a son with the exact same name. As an adjective, senior designates someone or something as having been born, or established or enrolled, before another, or being of higher rank. (Some military hierarchies have, for example, senior captains, who rank above captains.) Senior has also become a synonym for elderly with what is widely considered a more positive connotation; it’s a truncation of â€Å"senior citizen.† It’s applied in phrases such as â€Å"senior center† and â€Å"senior rights.† Like junior, senior can have a derogatory connotation, though, as in â€Å"senior moment,† a light-hearted reference to forgetfulness as a symptom of aging, it is usually not meant to insult. But take care with using either term to note, respectively, someone’s youth or inexperience or their age. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†Body Parts as Tools of MeasurementDouble Possessive

The History of Life on Earth

The History of Life on Earth The Carboniferous Period is a geologic time period that took place between 360 to 286 million years ago. The Carboniferous Period is named after the rich coal deposits that are present in rock layers from this time period. The Age of Amphibians The Carboniferous Period is also known as the Age of Amphibians. It is the fifth of six geologic periods that together make up the Paleozoic Era. The Carboniferous Period is preceded by the Devonian Period and followed by the Permian Period. The climate of the Carboniferous Period was quite uniform (there were no distinct seasons) and it was more humid and tropical than our present-day climate. The plant life of the Carboniferous Period resembled modern tropical plants. The Carboniferous Period was a time when the first of many animal groups evolved: the first true bony fishes, the first sharks, the first amphibians, and the first amniotes. The appearance of the amniotes is evolutionarily significant because of the amniotic egg, the defining characteristic of amniotes, enabled the ancestors of modern reptiles, birds, and mammals to reproduce on land and colonize terrestrial habitats that were previously uninhabited by vertebrates.   Mountain Building The Carboniferous Period was a time of mountain building when the collision of the Laurussian and Gondwanaland land masses formed the supercontinent Pangea. This collision resulted in the uplifting of mountain ranges such as the Appalachian Mountains, the Hercynian Mountains, and the Ural Mountains. During the Carboniferous Period, the vast oceans that covered the earth often flooded the continents, creating warm, shallow seas. It was during this time that the armored fish that had been abundant in the Devonian Period became extinct and were replaced by more modern fishes. As the Carboniferous Period progressed, the uplifting of landmasses resulted in an increase in erosion and the building of floodplains and river deltas. The increased freshwater habitat meant that some marine organisms such as corals and crinoids died out. New species that were adapted to the reduced salinity of these waters evolved, such as freshwater clams, gastropods, sharks, and bony fish. Vast Swamp Forests Freshwater wetlands increased and formed vast swamp forests. Fossil remains show that air-breathing insects, arachnids, and myriapods were present during the Late Carboniferous. The seas were dominated by sharks and their relatives and it was during this period that sharks underwent much diversification. Arid Environments   Land snails first appeared and dragonflies and mayflies diversified. As the land habitats dried, animals evolved ways of adapting to the arid environments. The amniotic egg enabled early tetrapods to break free of the bonds to aquatic habitats for reproduction. The earliest known amniote is Hylonomus, a lizard-like creature with a strong jaw and slender limbs. Early tetrapods diversified significantly during the Carboniferous Period. These included the temnospondyls and the anthracosaurs. Finally, the first diapsids and synapsids evolved during the Carboniferous. By the middle the Carboniferous Period, tetrapods were common and quite diverse. The varied in size (some measuring up to 20 feet in length). As the climate grew cooler and drier, the evolution of amphibians slowed and the appearance of amniotes lead to a new evolutionary path.

Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Netflix - Essay Example characteristics of the target market that would become a basis of market segment are demographics which is the physical characteristic of the market, psychographics which is the psycho-cultural characteristic of the market, geographics or the physical and political delineation of the market and purchase behavior or buying patterns of target market. In the case of Netflix, it would be necessary first to define its product and service to effectively segment its market. At present, Netflix is an online video store that caters its customers with a wide array of video collections through video download, online streaming or door to door delivery. In the future, it is envisaged that Netflix will converge from a merely internet base video provider to include a traditional TV broadcasting company. The array of their services will then widened that would include not just video titles but also TV shows. The mobile and handheld movie industry is also expected to be entered into by Netflix. In short, Netflix would be â€Å"becoming like them in doing some originals and they are becoming more like us in creating an on-demand interface like HBO Go" which allows viewers to watch channels on the Web and on mobile and tabulate devices† (Coyle, 2012). Having defined the products and services Netflix today and the future, its target market are those movie viewers which has internet connection and handheld devices. In the future, the TV viewing public will also become their target market. Netflix primary serves the consumer market or those who watch movies (and in the future TV shows) for leisure. In particular, Netflix caters to the movie watching customers by having an extensive movie title collection it can offer to the customers either by video streaming, download or door to door delivery. The manner which Netflix’s products will be delivered to its customers will likely to change as more and more consumers are having internet connection at an increasing speed making

Internal Audit Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internal Audit - Research Proposal Example The concept of timeliness in internal audit processes means adherence to prescribed deadlines. Internal auditors usually work with a timetable where inception and termination of procedures are definitely stated. Typically, auditing involves interviewing of employees, review of an organization’s operation documents and administration of survey questionnaires to relevant stakeholders. Occasionally, a given procedure like examination of documents in an office may take longer than prescribed (Krishnan, 2013, p. 231). In such cases, employees working inside the office under examination will be restricted from accessing their respective work stations. On the other hand, those restricted employees have duties and responsibilities which need completion before a stipulated deadline. In this context, the hitch of workplace restriction experienced by employees causes substantial inefficiencies that can negatively impact on an organization’s practices. Aside from workplace restriction, undue disruption of work environments manifest in form of safeguarding logistical tools of operation. As acknowledged earlier, the main aim of internal auditors is to examine actual operational practices of an organization. In order to execute this task, auditors must access documents and related files containing information regarding individual workflows. In the case of limited clarity, auditors may be forced to mix up documents from different departments as a means of facilitating reconciliation of ledgers (Kothari & Smith, 2004).

Power and Privilege Displayed in A Woman on a Roof Essay -- Doris Less

Power and Privilege Displayed in A Woman on a Roof  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Doris Lessing’s "A Woman on a Roof," three workmen react differently towards a woman sunbathing on a roof. The men are Harry, who is in his mid-40s, Stanley, who is newly married, and Tom, who is 17. They are engaged in a jovial banter when they spot a woman about fifty yards from where they are standing. She’s on her back, face down on a brown blanket. Stanley is first to comment, "She’s stark naked." Harry agrees, "Looks like it," while Tom cranes his neck so he can see more and replies, "She thinks no one can see." Stanley whistles, but the woman does not look up. She sits, smoking a cigarette (856). This seems to be one of Lessing’s most critically neglected stories. In fact, there are only a few written criticisms about it, and most of these focus on the different reactions of the three workmen. However, the woman, who is not named in the story, is also a very intriguing and interesting character. While many readers see her as an innocent – the sunbather who only wants to be left alone – there is evidence to show that she uses her sexuality through nonverbal communication to show power and privilege. Sociological perspectives suggest that nonverbal communication is of particular importance to women because their socialization to docility and passivity makes them likely targets for social control. Sexuality (masculinity or femininity) is not biologically determined but is part of social learning. In "Womanspeak and Manspeak," Nancy Henley, Mykol Hamilton, and Barrie Thorne have argued that while women’s general bodily demeanor must be restrained and restricted, and that their femininity is gauged by how little (personal) space they take up. In contra... ... Henslin, James. " On Becoming Male." Down to Earth Sociology. Ed. James Henslin. New York: The Free Press, 1991. 126-148. Lessing, Doris. "A Woman on a Roof." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. 856-862. Works Consulted Allen, Orphia Jane. " Structure and Motif in Doris Lessing’s A Man and Two Women." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler.NY: Gale Research Inc., 1986. 199. Fitzgerald, Edward. " Retreat From Home." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. New York: Gale Research Inc., 1986. 186. Hardin, Nancy. "Doris Lessing and the Sufi Way." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Carolyn Riley. New York: Gale Research Inc., 1976. 123. Zak, Michele. "The Grass Is Singing: A Little Novel about the Emotions." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. New York: Gale Research Inc., 1986. 206.   

Thermodynamics of the Dissolution of Borax

CHEM 212 Laboratory – Dissolution of Borax Formal Lab Report Instructions Title Page: Experiment title, your name and partner name, course and section number, date, Signed honor code statement, and abstract. I (your name here) pledge that this assignment has been completed with accordance to the George Mason University Honor Policy as well as the policy set by the course. This work is my own and bears no resemblance to any other student's work (past or present). x__(Signature)______ Purpose Reference Materials and Chemicals Reaction: Procedure Results: Raw Downloaded Data Calculated Data for each temperature: oles of HCl moles of borax concentration of borax Ksp ?G- using both equations (A and B! ) Sample calculations – calculations of your data alone for all of the items listed above ? Graph lnK vs 1/T Show a trendline and provide the R2 value Determine ? H (kJ/mol) and ? S (J/mol K) from the graph SHOW HOW YOU DO THIS!! Printing Tables: ? Large tables should be printe d in the landscape mode and sometimes it might be necessary to go to â€Å"page setup† and select â€Å"Fit to 1 page† to make the page fit on one page. ? Include column and row headings on the printout so that the instructor can more easily understand equations used.This can be done by going to File > Page Setup > Sheet tab > Select â€Å"Row and Column Headings†. Discussion: In your discussion section address the following questions: ? Why is it unnecessary to precisely measure the amount of solid borax used? (This answer should be greater than 3 sentences in length! ) ? Should Ksp vary with temperature? Does it? Why or why not? ? Does the graph of ln (Ksp) v. 1/T have any deviating values? If so why? What could be the sources for these errors? ? Discuss the logic behind the determination of ? H and ? S.

Major Gods and Goddesses of the World

In the ancient world, most cultures had many gods and goddesses. Natural phenomena like the sun, moon, thunder, and storms had their own deities who could be prayed to for help or offered sacrifices in order to influence their behavior. Human occupations like warfare, hunting and crafts had patron gods and goddesses associated with them. The stages of life, like childbirth and death, were often thought to be under the protection of specific gods, goddesses, or spirits. The most familiar of these for most of us in the west are those that come from the Greco-Roman myths, although the gods and goddess of the plentiful Hindu pantheon are still worshiped some five millennia later. Search for ancient gods and goddesses in two ways, by culture or alphabetically, by the name of the specific god or goddess. Lists of Gods and Goddesses by Culture or Geographic AreaWho Is Your Favorite God or Goddess? List of Individual Gods/Goddesses Alphabetically: - A - Agdistis or AngdistisAh PuchAhura MazdaAlberichAllahAmaterasuAnAnansiAnatAndvariAnsharAnuAphroditeApolloApsuAresArtemisAsclepiusAthenaAthiratAthtartAtlas   - B - BaalBa XianBacchusBalderBastBellonaBergelmirBesBixia YuanjinBragiBrahmaBrigit   - C - CamaxtliCeresCeridwenCernunnosChacChalchiuhtlicueCharunChemoshCheng-huangCybele   - D - DagonDamkina (Dumkina)DavlinDawnDemeterDianaDi CangDionysus   - E - EaElEnkiEnlilEosEponaEreskigal   - F - FarbautiFenrirForsetiFortunaFreyaFreyrFrigg   - G - GaiaGaneshaGangaGarudaGauriGebGeong SiGuanyin   - H - HadesHanumanHathorHecate (Hekate)HeliosHeng-o (Chang-o)HephaestusHeraHermesHestiaHodHoderiHooriHorusHoteiHuitzilopochtliHsi-Wang-MuHygeia   - I - InannaIntiIrisIshtarIsisIxtabIzanakiIzanami   - J - JesusJunoJupiterJuturna   - K - KagutsuchiKartikeyaKhepriKiKinguKinich AhauKisharKrishnaKuan-yinKukulcanKvasir   - L - LakshmiLetoLizaLokiLughLuna - M - Magna MaterMaiaMardukMarsMazuMedbMercuryMimirMinervaMithrasMorriganMotMummuMuses   - N - NammuNannaNanna (Norse)NanseNeithNemesisNephthysNeptuneNergalNinazuNinhurzagNintuNinurtaNjordNuguaNut   - O - OdinOhkuninushiOhyamatsumiOrgelmirOsirisOstara   - P - PanParvatiPhaethonPhoebePhoebus ApolloPilumnusPoseidon   - Q - Quetzalcoatl   - R - RamaReRhea   - S - SabaziusSarasvatiSeleneShivaSeshatSeti (Set)ShamashShapsuShen YiShivaShuSi-Wang-MuSinSironaSolSuryaSusanoh   - T - TawaretTefnutTezcatlipocaThanatosThorThothTiamatTlalocTianhouTonatiuhToyo-Uke-BimeTycheTyr   - U - UtuUzume   - V - VediovisVenusVestaVishnuVolturnusVulcan   - X - XipeXi Wang-muXochipilliXochiquetzal   - Y - YamYarikhYhwhYmirYu-huangYum Kimil   - Z - Zeus More on Roman and Greek Mythology †¢ Greek MythologyAn introduction to and starting point for Greek myth. †¢While the Romans did adopt many of the Greek gods and goddesses, there were plenty of uniquely Roman gods, goddesses, and other spirits and numina. These are lists of the Romans gods divided into categories. †¢ The Stories of Gods and MenMany of the ancient Greek myths tell stories about mortal Greek heroes aided by their gods. †¢ Gods, Goddesses, Other Immortals of Greek Mythology †¢ Moon Gods and Goddesses